Section 2. Terms of Reference
1-2-1. WORD MEANINGS
As used in this order:
a. “Shall” or “must” means a procedure is
mandatory.
b. “Shall not” or “must not” means a procedure is
prohibited.
c. “Should” means a procedure is recommended.
d. “May” or “need not” means a procedure is
optional.
e. “Will” means futurity, not a requirement for the
application of a procedure.
f. Singular words include the plural.
g. Plural words include the singular.
h. “Aircraft” means the airframe, crew members,
or both.
i. “Approved separation” means separation in
accordance with the applicable minima in this order.
j. “Altitude” means indicated altitude mean sea
level (MSL), flight level (FL), or both.
k. “Miles” means nautical miles unless otherwise
specified, and means statute miles in conjunction
with visibility.
l. “Course,” “bearing,” “azimuth,” “heading,” and
“wind direction” information shall always be
magnetic unless specifically stated otherwise.
m. “Time” when used for ATC operational
activities, is the hour and the minute in Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC). Change to the next minute is
made at the minute plus 30 seconds, except time
checks are given to the nearest quarter minute.
n. “Runway” means the runway used by aircraft
and, unless otherwise specified, does not include
helipads and/or their accompanying takeoff/landing
courses. (See Pilot/Controller Glossary terms –
Runway and Helipad.)
o. Flight operations in accordance with the options
of “due regard” or “operational” obligates the
authorized state aircraft commander to:
1. Separate his/her aircraft from all other
air traffic; and
2. Assure that an appropriate monitoring agency
assumes responsibility for search and rescue actions;
and
3. Operate under at least one of the following
conditions:
(a) In visual meteorological conditions
(VMC); or
(b) Wthin radar surveillance and radio
communications of a surface radar facility; or
(c) Be equipped with airborne radar that is
sufficient to provide separation between his/her
aircraft and any other aircraft he/she may be
controlling and other aircraft; or
(d) Operate within Class G airspace.
(e) An understanding between the pilot and
controller regarding the intent of the pilot and the
status of the flight should be arrived at before the
aircraft leaves ATC frequency.
NOTE-
1. A pilot's use of the phrase “Going Tactical” does not
indicate “Due Regard.” An understanding between the
pilot and controller regarding the intent of the pilot and the
status of the flight should be arrived at before the aircraft
leaves air traffic control (ATC) frequency.
2. The above conditions provide for a level of safety
equivalent to that normally given by International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) ATC agencies and fulfills
U.S. Government obligations under Article 3 of the
Chicago Convention of 1944 (Reference (d)), which
stipulates there must be “due regard for the safety of
navigation of civil aircraft” when flight is not being
conducted under ICAO flight procedures.
p. “CFR” means Code of Federal Regulations.
1-2-2. COURSE DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall be used in the
application of the separation criteria in this order.
NOTE-
The term “protected airspace,” as used in this paragraph,
is the airspace equal to one half the required applicable
lateral separation on either side of an aircraft along its
projected flight path. If the protected airspace of
two aircraft does not overlap, applicable lateral separation is ensured.
a. SAME COURSES are courses whose protected
airspaces are coincident, overlap, or intersect and
whose angular difference is less than 45 degrees.
(See FIG 1-2-1.)
b. CROSSING COURSES are intersecting courses
whose angular difference is 45 through 135 degrees
inclusive. (See FIG 1-2-1.)
c. OPPOSITE/RECIPROCAL COURSES are
courses whose protected airspaces are coincident,
overlap, or intersect and whose angular difference is
greater than 135 degrees through 180 degrees
inclusive. (See FIG 1-2-1.)
1-2-3. NOTES
Statements of fact, or of a prefatory or explanatory
nature relating to directive material, are set forth as
notes.
1-2-4. REFERENCES
As used in this order, references direct attention to an
additional or supporting source of information such
as FAA, NWS, and other agencies' orders, directives,
notices, CFRs, and Advisory Circulars (ACs).
1-2-5. ANNOTATIONS
Revised, reprinted, or new pages are marked as
follows:
a. The change number and the effective date are
printed on each revised or additional page.
b. A page that does not require a change is
reprinted in its original form.
c. Bold vertical lines in the margin of changed
pages indicate the location of substantive revisions to
the order. Bold vertical lines adjacent to the title of a
chapter, section, or paragraph means that extensive
changes have been made to that chapter, section, or
paragraph.
d. Paragraphs/sections annotated with
EN ROUTE, OCEANIC, or TERMINAL are only to
be applied by the designated type facility. When they
are not so designated, the paragraphs/sections apply
to all types of facilities (en route, oceanic, and
terminal).
e. The annotation, USAF for the U.S. Air Force,
USN for the U.S. Navy, and USA for the U.S. Army
denotes that the procedure immediately following the
annotation applies only to the designated service.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 2-1-12, Military Procedures.
f. WAKE TURBULENCE APPLICATION inserted within a paragraph means that the remaining
information in the paragraph requires the application
of wake turbulence procedures.
g. The annotation PHRASEOLOGY denotes the
prescribed words and/or phrases to be used in
communications.
NOTE-
Controllers may, after first using the prescribed
phraseology for a specific procedure, rephrase the
message to ensure the content is understood. Good
judgment shall be exercised when using nonstandard
phraseology.
h. The annotation EXAMPLE provides a sample of
the way the prescribed phraseology associated with
the preceding paragraph(s) will be used. If the
preceding paragraph(s) does (do) not include specific
prescribed phraseology, the EXAMPLE merely
denotes suggested words and/or phrases that may be
used in communications.
NOTE-
The use of the exact text contained in an example not
preceded with specific prescribed phraseology is not
mandatory. However, the words and/or phrases are
expected, to the extent practical, to approximate those used
in the example.
1-2-6. ABBREVIATIONS
As used in this manual, the following abbreviations
have the meanings indicated. (See TBL 1-2-1.)
TBL 1-2-1
FAA Order JO 7110.65 Abbreviations
|
Abbreviation
|
Meaning
|
|
AAR
|
Airport acceptance rate
|
|
AC
|
Advisory Circular
|
|
ACC
|
Area Control Center
|
|
ACD
|
ARTS Color Display
|
|
ACE-IDS
|
ASOS Controller Equipment- Information
Display System
|
|
ACL
|
Aircraft list
|
|
ACLS
|
Automatic Carrier Landing System
|
|
ADC
|
Aerospace Defense Command
|
|
ADIZ
|
Air Defense Identification Zone (to be
pronounced “AY DIZ”)
|
|
ADS
|
Automatic Dependent Surveillance
|
|
ADS-B
|
Automatic Dependent Surveillance
Broadcast
|
|
ADS-C
|
Automatic Dependent Surveillance
Contract
|
|
AFP
|
Airspace Flow Program
|
|
AFSS
|
Automated Flight Service Station
|
|
AIDC
|
ATS Interfacility Data Communications
|
|
AIM
|
Aeronautical Information Manual
|
|
AIRMET
|
Airmen's meteorological information
|
|
ALERFA
|
Alert phase code (Alerting Service)
|
|
ALNOT
|
Alert notice
|
|
ALS
|
Approach Light System
|
|
ALTRV
|
Altitude reservation
|
|
AMASS
|
Airport Movement Area Safety System
|
|
AMB
|
Ambiguity-A disparity greater than 2 miles
exists between the position declared for a
target by ATTS and another facility's
computer declared position during
interfacility handoff
|
|
AMVER
|
Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel
Rescue System
|
|
ANG
|
Air National Guard
|
|
APR
|
ATC preferred route
|
|
APREQ
|
Approval Request
|
|
ARINC
|
Aeronautical Radio Incorporated
|
|
ARIP
|
Air refueling initial point
|
|
ARSR
|
Air route surveillance radar
|
|
ARTCC
|
Air Route Traffic Control Center
|
|
ARTS
|
Automated Radar Terminal System
|
|
ASD
|
Aircraft Situation Display
|
|
ASDE
|
Airport surface detection equipment
|
|
ASDE-X
|
Airport Surface Detection Equipment
System - Model X
|
|
ASF
|
Airport Stream Filters
|
|
ASOS
|
Automated Surface Observing System
|
|
ASR
|
Airport surveillance radar
|
|
ATC
|
Air traffic control
|
|
ATCAA
|
ATC assigned airspace
|
|
ATCSCC
|
David J. Hurley Air Traffic Control System
Command Center
|
|
ATD
|
Along-Track Distance
|
|
ATIS
|
Automatic Terminal Information Service
|
|
ATO
|
Air Traffic Organization
|
|
ATO COO
|
Air Traffic Organization Chief Operating
Officer
|
|
ATS
|
Air Traffic Service
|
|
AWOS
|
Automated Weather Observing System
|
|
BAASS
|
Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space
Studies
|
|
BASE
|
Cloud base
|
|
CA
|
Conflict Alert
|
|
CARCAH
|
Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance
Coordination, All Hurricanes
|
|
CARF
|
Central Altitude Reservation Function
|
|
CARTS
|
Common ARTS
|
|
CAT
|
Clear air turbulence
|
|
CDT
|
Controlled departure time
|
|
CENRAP
|
Center Radar ARTS Presentation
|
|
CEP
|
Central East Pacific
|
|
CERAP
|
Combined Center/RAPCON
|
|
CFR
|
Code of Federal Regulations
|
|
CIC
|
Controller-in-Charge
|
|
CNS
|
Continuous
|
|
CPDLC
|
Controller Pilot Data Link
Communications
|
|
CPME
|
Calibration Performance Monitor
Equipment
|
|
CTA
|
Control Area
|
|
CTRD
|
Certified Tower Radar Display
|
|
CVFP
|
Charted Visual Flight Procedure
|
|
CWA
|
Center Weather Advisory
|
|
DARC
|
Direct Access Radar Channel
|
|
DETRESFA
|
Distress Phase code (Alerting Service)
|
|
DF
|
Direction finder
|
|
DH
|
Decision height
|
|
DL
|
Departure List
|
|
DME
|
Distance measuring equipment compatible
with TACAN
|
|
DOE
|
Department of Energy
|
|
DP
|
Instrument Departure Procedure
|
|
DR
|
Dead reckoning
|
|
DRT
|
Diversion recovery tool
|
|
DSR
|
Display System Replacement
|
|
DTAS
|
Digital Terminal Automation Systems
|
|
DTM
|
Digital Terrain Map
|
|
DVFR
|
Defense Visual Flight Rules
|
|
DVRSN
|
Diversion
|
|
EA
|
Electronic Attack
|
|
EAS
|
En Route Automation System
|
|
EDCT
|
Expect Departure Clearance Time
|
|
EFC
|
Expect further clearance
|
|
ELP
|
Emergency Landing Pattern
|
|
ELT
|
Emergency locator transmitter
|
|
EOS
|
End Service
|
|
EOVM
|
Emergency obstruction video map
|
|
ERIDS
|
En Route Information Display System
|
|
ETA
|
Estimated time of arrival
|
|
FAA
|
Federal Aviation Administration
|
|
FAAO
|
FAA Order
|
|
FANS
|
Future Air Navigation System
|
|
FDIO
|
Flight Data Input/Output
|
|
FDP
|
Flight data processing
|
|
FIR
|
Flight Information Region
|
|
FL
|
Flight level
|
|
FLIP
|
Flight Information Publication
|
|
FLM
|
Front-Line Manager
|
|
FLY
|
Fly or flying
|
|
FMS
|
Flight Management System
|
|
FMSP
|
Flight Management System Procedure
|
|
FSM
|
Flight Schedule Monitor
|
|
FSS
|
Flight Service Station
|
|
GCA
|
Ground controlled approach
|
|
GNSS
|
Global Navigation Satellite System
|
|
GPD
|
Graphics Plan Display
|
|
GPS
|
Global Positioning System
|
|
GS
|
Ground stop
|
|
HAR
|
High Altitude Redesign
|
|
HERT
|
Host Embedded Route Text
|
|
HF/RO
|
High Frequency/Radio Operator
|
|
HIRL
|
High intensity runway lights
|
|
IAFDOF
|
Inappropriate Altitude for Direction of
Flight
|
|
ICAO
|
International Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
IDENT
|
Aircraft identification
|
|
IDS
|
Information Display System
|
|
IFR
|
Instrument flight rules
|
|
IFSS
|
International Flight Service Station
|
|
ILS
|
Instrument Landing System
|
|
INCERFA
|
Uncertainty Phase code (Alerting Service)
|
|
INREQ
|
Information request
|
|
INS
|
Inertial Navigation System
|
|
IR
|
IFR military training route
|
|
IRU
|
Inertial Reference Unit
|
|
ITWS
|
Integrated Terminal Weather System
|
|
JATO
|
Jet assisted takeoff
|
|
LAHSO
|
Land and Hold Short Operations
|
|
LOA
|
Letter of Agreement
|
|
LLWAS
|
Low Level Wind Shear Alert System
|
|
LLWAS NE
|
Low Level Wind Shear Alert System
Network Expansion
|
|
LLWAS-RS
|
Low Level Wind Shear Alert System
Relocation/Sustainment
|
|
LLWS
|
Low Level Wind Shear
|
|
L/MF
|
Low/medium frequency
|
|
LORAN
|
Long Range Navigation System
|
|
Mach
|
Mach number
|
|
MALS
|
Medium Intensity Approach Light System
|
|
MALSR
|
Medium Approach Light System with
runway alignment indicator lights
|
|
MAP
|
Missed approach point
|
|
MARSA
|
Military authority assumes responsibility
for separation of aircraft
|
|
MCA
|
Minimum crossing altitude
|
|
MCI
|
Mode C Intruder
|
|
MDA
|
Minimum descent altitude
|
|
MDM
|
Main display monitor
|
|
MEA
|
Minimum en route (IFR) altitude
|
|
MEARTS
|
Micro En Route Automated Radar
Tracking System
|
|
METAR
|
Aviation Routine Weather Report
|
|
MIA
|
Minimum IFR altitude
|
|
MIAWS
|
Medium Intensity Airport Weather System
|
|
MIRL
|
Medium intensity runway lights
|
|
MLS
|
Microwave Landing System
|
|
MNPS
|
Minimum Navigation Performance
Specification
|
|
MNT
|
Mach Number Technique
|
|
MOA
|
Military operations area
|
|
MOCA
|
Minimum obstruction clearance altitude
|
|
MRA
|
Minimum reception altitude
|
|
MSAW
|
Minimum Safe Altitude Warning
|
|
MSL
|
Mean sea level
|
|
MTI
|
Moving target indicator
|
|
MTR
|
Military training route
|
|
MVA
|
Minimum vectoring altitude
|
|
NADIN
|
National Airspace Data Interchange
Network
|
|
NAR
|
National Automation Request
|
|
NAS
|
National Airspace System
|
|
NAT
|
ICAO North Atlantic Region
|
|
NBCAP
|
National Beacon Code Allocation Plan
|
|
NDB
|
Nondirectional radio beacon
|
|
NHOP
|
National Hurricane Operations Plan
|
|
NM
|
Nautical mile
|
|
NOAA
|
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
|
|
NOPAC
|
North Pacific
|
|
NORAD
|
North American Aerospace Defense
Command
|
|
NOS
|
National Ocean Service
|
|
NOTAM
|
Notice to Airmen
|
|
NRP
|
North American Route Program
|
|
NRR
|
Nonrestrictive Route
|
|
NRS
|
Navigation Reference System
|
|
NTZ
|
No transgression zone
|
|
NWS
|
National Weather Service
|
|
NWSOP
|
National Winter Storm Operations Plan
|
|
ODALS
|
Omnidirectional Approach Lighting
System
|
|
ODP
|
Obstacle Departure Procedure
|
|
OID
|
Operator Interface Device
|
|
ONER
|
Oceanic Navigational Error Report
|
|
OS
|
Operations Supervisor
|
|
OTR
|
Oceanic transition route
|
|
PAPI
|
Precision Approach Path Indicators
|
|
PAR
|
Precision approach radar
|
|
PAR
|
Preferred arrival route
|
|
PBCT
|
Proposed boundary crossing time
|
|
P/CG
|
Pilot/Controller Glossary
|
|
PDAR
|
Preferential departure arrival route
|
|
PDC
|
Pre-Departure Clearance
|
|
PDR
|
Preferential departure route
|
|
PIDP
|
Programmable indicator data processor
|
|
PPI
|
Plan position indicator
|
|
PTP
|
Point-to-point
|
|
PVD
|
Plan view display
|
|
RA
|
Radar Associate
|
|
RAIL
|
Runway alignment indicator lights
|
|
RAPCON
|
Radar Approach Control Facility (USAF)
|
|
RATCF
|
Radar Air Traffic Control Facility (USN)
|
|
RBS
|
Radar bomb scoring
|
|
RCC
|
Rescue Coordination Center
|
|
RCLS
|
Runway Centerline System
|
|
RCR
|
Runway condition reading
|
|
RDP
|
Radar data processing
|
|
RE
|
Recent (used to qualify weather
phenomena such as rain, e.g. recent rain =
RERA)
|
|
REIL
|
Runway end identifier lights
|
|
RNAV
|
Area navigation
|
|
RNP
|
Required Navigation Performance
|
|
RTQC
|
Real-Time Quality Control
|
|
RVR
|
Runway visual range
|
|
RVSM
|
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
|
|
RVV
|
Runway visibility value
|
|
SAA
|
Special Activity Airspace
|
|
SAR
|
Search and rescue
|
|
SATCOM
|
Satellite Communication
|
|
SELCAL
|
Selective Calling System
|
|
SFA
|
Single frequency approach
|
|
SFO
|
Simulated flameout
|
|
SID
|
Standard Instrument Departure
|
|
SIGMET
|
Significant meteorological information
|
|
SPA
|
Special Posting Area
|
|
SPECI
|
Nonroutine (Special) Aviation Weather
Report
|
|
STAR
|
Standard terminal arrival
|
|
STARS
|
Standard Terminal Automation
Replacement System
|
|
STMC
|
Supervisory Traffic Management
Coordinator
|
|
STMCIC
|
Supervisory Traffic Management
Coordinator-in-charge
|
|
STOL
|
Short takeoff and landing
|
|
SURPIC
|
Surface Picture
|
|
SVFR
|
Special Visual Flight Rules
|
|
TAA
|
Terminal arrival area
|
|
TAS
|
Terminal Automation Systems
|
|
TACAN
|
TACAN UHF navigational aid
(omnidirectional course and distance
information)
|
|
TAWS
|
Terrain Awareness Warning System
|
|
TCAS
|
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance
System
|
|
TCDD
|
Tower cab digital display
|
|
TDLS
|
Terminal Data Link System
|
|
TDW
|
Tower display workstation
|
|
TDWR
|
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
|
|
TDZL
|
Touchdown Zone Light System
|
|
TFMS
|
Traffic Flow Management System
|
|
TMC
|
Traffic Management Coordinator
|
|
TMU
|
Traffic Management Unit
|
|
TRACON
|
Terminal Radar Approach Control
|
|
TRSA
|
Terminal radar service area
|
|
UFO
|
Unidentified flying object
|
|
UHF
|
Ultra high frequency
|
|
URET
|
User request evaluation tool
|
|
USA
|
United States Army
|
|
USAF
|
United States Air Force
|
|
USN
|
United States Navy
|
|
UTC
|
Coordinated universal time
|
|
UTM
|
Unsuccessful transmission message
|
|
UUA
|
Urgent pilot weather report
|
|
VFR
|
Visual flight rules
|
|
VHF
|
Very high frequency
|
|
VMC
|
Visual meteorological conditions
|
|
VNAV
|
Vertical Navigation
|
|
VOR
|
VHF navigational aid (omnidirectional
course information)
|
|
VOR/DME
|
Collocated VOR and DME navigational
aids (VHF course and UHF distance
information)
|
|
VORTAC
|
Collocated VOR and TACAN navigation
aids (VHF and UHF course and UHF
distance information)
|
|
VR
|
VFR military training route
|
|
VSCS
|
Voice Switching and Control System
|
|
WAAS
|
Wide Area Augmentation System
|
|
WARP
|
Weather and Radar Processing
|
|
WATRS
|
West Atlantic Route System
|
|
WSO
|
Weather Service Office
|
|
WSP
|
Weather System Processor
|
|
WST
|
Convective SIGMET
|
|
